# Concepts¶

There are some concepts that show up in many places in the pybbfmm docs, so they’re collected together here.

## arrdicts and dotdicts¶

dotdicts and arrdicts are somewhere between dictionaries and classes, and are a crutch for research code that I’m immensely fond of. The megastep docs have a lot more detail.

## Problems¶

A problem is a dotdict that describes the problem you’re trying to solve. A problem dotdict has keys

sources

A (n_sources, D)-tensor giving the D-dimensional locations of the source charges.

targets

A (n_targets, D)-tensor giving the D-dimensional locations of the target points you want to evaluate the field at.

charges

A (n_sources,)-tensor giving the ‘charge’ at each source point.

kernel

A function that takes a tensor of source locations and a tensor of target locations and returns the strength of the sources’ fields at the target points. For example, an inverse-square law uses a kernel

def quad_kernel(a, b):
return 1/((a - b)**2).sum(-1)


One important restriction is that multiple targets and sources should not have the exact same location. Otherwise the tree construction might not terminate.

## Presolve: trees, indices & schemes¶

The presolve() computes a bunch of metadata based on only the positions of the problem’s points and the kernel used. This presolve metadata can then be used for as many evaluations on different charges as you like.

If you ever get confused about any presolve metadata, the best way to figure things out is to generate the metadata for a low-capacity, 1D problem:

from pybbfmm import *
from pybbfmm.test import *

prob = arrdict.arrdict(
sources=np.array([[-1], [+.5], [+1]]),
charges=np.zeros((3,)),
targets=np.array([[0.]])
).map(lambda t: torch.as_tensor(t).float())

presolve(prob)


### Tree Construction¶

There are two steps to the presolve. The first step is to build a tree over the sources and targets, which is done by orthantree(). It returns three things: the tree, the indices and the depths. These are described below.

#### Trees¶

The most important bit of presolve information is the tree. The tree is the binary partition of space that’s used to figure out which sources it’s okay to approximate when calculating which points. It’s usually constructed by orthantree() and looks something like this

TODO: imagery of a tree

The internal nodes of the tree are called boxes. The boxes are represented as an index, with the root being index 0. This means that you’ll usually find the attribute of box i at index i of a tensor: parents[3] gives the index of the parent of 3, children[3] gives the children of 3, etc etc.

The tree is represented as an arrdict of tensors. Each tensor is n_boxes long, and gives a different property of the boxes:

id

Give the boxes’ ID, which is just… its index. Useful to have around, not actually informative.

parents

Gives the boxes’ parents. The i th element is the index of box i s parent.

depths

Gives the boxes’ depth in the tree. The i th element is the depth of box i, with zero corresponding to the root.

centers

Gives coordinates of the boxes’ centers. The i th element… you get the idea.

terminal

Gives a boolean saying whether that box is a leaf. True means the box is a leaf; that it has no children.

children

Gives the boxes’ children. The ith element is an (2,)/(2, 2)/(2, 2, 2)/etc-tensor of the 2 :sup:D children of box i.

descent

Gives the boxes’ descent: whether it’s a left-child or a right-child, etc etc. Practically this means the i th element is a (D,)-vector of (-1, +1)’s, with the value indicating which side of the parent’s center the box is on.

#### Indices¶

While the tree arrdict itself gives the relationships between the boxes of the tree, it doesn’t have any information about how the sources and targets relate to the boxes. That’s done by the second return from orthantree(), indices. This is a dotdict with two elements

sources

A (n_source,)-tensor where the i th element gives which box the i th source is in

targets

A (n_target,)-tensor where the i th element gives which box the i th target is in

#### Depths¶

The third return from orthantree() is depths. This is a Ragged that maps depths to the boxes at that level.

### Scheme Construction¶

The second step in the presolve is to take all the information from the tree construction stage and use it to generate the interaction lists. The interaction lists describe which boxes, sources and targets interact with which other boxes, sources and targets.

Keeping actual lists of all the pairs of interacting entities is memory-inefficient, so instead what’s generated at this step is enough information to be able to rapidly construct the interacting-entity lists on demand. This information is - for the purposes of this library - called the scheme for the list. There are four lists, so there are four schemes.

The four interaction lists come from 1. The most useful parts of the paper are §3.2, Notation, along with Fig 5.

• u: the u-list of a leaf box is the set of neighbouring leaf boxes.

• v: the v-list of a box is the children of the parent’s colleagues that are separated from the box.

• w: the w-list of a leaf is the set of descendents of colleagues whose parents are adjacent but which aren’t

• x: the x-list of a box is set of all boxes for which this box turns up in the other box’s w list.

Believe you me: understanding these is much easier once you’ve read §3.2 and had a hard look at Fig 5.

## Evaluate: weights, interactions & contributions¶

Once the presolve is done, actually solving the problem is done by evaluate(). This takes the presolve metadata and uses it to compute the weights, then the interactions, then the contributions. Summing the contributions gets the solution.

Weights

The weights() are effectively Chebyshev-approximations of the charge density across each cell. They’re evaluated by starting at the bottom of the tree, at the leaf boxes, and recursively merging approximations until the algorithm reaches the root.

Interactions

The interactions use the weights calculated previously to evaluate the field contributions between specific pairs of boxes, sources and targets. These pairs come from the u-, v-, w-, x- schemes described above. They’re evaluated as the algorithm moves from the root down the tree

Contributions

When the algorithm returns to the leaf boxes, through the interaction calculations it’s accumulated a far_field() approximation of how all the sources that are more than one box away from a specific box generate the field at the center of that specific box. The final step is to sum this far field contribution with the near_field() contribution that comes from sources at most one box away.

Footnotes

1

Carrier, Greengard & Rokhlin 1988, A Fast Adaptive Multipole Algorithm for Particle Simulations